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һǷѧʿһ󡪡̸



ġһЩķɳʶǳǿԴһʵĲ
˽ƶȵ״ǰҵУӢƶȵĽܣҪ
ȡһЩҵϣҪάġӢƶȵļֵ
Ӣƶȵļֵһģhttp://hntex.8u8.com/chinese/works/34.htm
ԭûṩάݺϵ޴֪ȨΣǴ±
ṩķḻʵϢϵͳϸ֤šṩ
ʶܶе˵ҸеǳԻʱ䣬ܷһ
ԵĽ⣿ƼһЩƶȵȨ鿯վԹҲοлл
ϣҲҪΪ̧ܺǺ:-)

ϣвߵķʶߣҲҴˣڴ
нпܣԸϵͳѧϰ굽һ귨ɳʶ֮ٺͷԼ


潫ԭгοȻ֤ʵάȫǡ˵˵
ıȽϾûκˡΪҶÿע͡

һڡ⡱ƶ

ģ
ǣƶȫΧڵıʽͷ岻ֲͬͬ
ΧԲͬΪǰġѧϣۻ֣һ
ʵۣһǳۡʵۣ˾ƶֻҪ
µġӢ˾ֻۣ׷н뻯ҪĴ˾
ۣҲҪƶȡͳһֱȡۣһֱԴ
ĲԵۡڵڶ£֮ԾмֵΪԵ
ĳضʵΪһװãͨװãͨ
ܹμϣŵڼ̵ֵľչֺ˵
ܷ˹ܷѷ(Thomas Jefferson)ΪƳƵĴһܡ
˹Ϊ빫ѡȨȣеȨҪΪ
ڴҵķٲйϣΡΪٵȨͨЧ
ϻƼԼΪܵ´ǮȨɴ˱Ȼ̳ǰ
ڵӢֳʱֳ񷨹ٵʷõĸܡǶһξ
ʾʹĹؼζԷٵȨԼҪҪԼ
ΪҪԷٵȨԼֻͨȺܴĿģһǰ
ϵ˹ѧ˵ʵȨԭ򣬰ѹȨһΪȨȨ˾Ȩ
ֿޣֱȥʹͬʱ໥ƺ⡣ǣڹȨĻ
ϣһ˾ȨԷȨһΪһǷȨʵ϶Ȩ
ɲִͬУʹȨʹʵ϶Ȩʵ϶Ȩ
֮ȨڸΪʵʵĲ棬˾Ȩʵݡϣ֮Է
ѡʵΪ˾ʵġˣ
Ϊ˱֤˾ȨʵԵذܷ涨Եݣһǣ
ʵ϶ٲƷҪƷŵʵ϶ͰþҪ
ŷΪ֮ǣԺֻз󣬲ʵԺ
Ĺڼල¼ԺķȨ֮Ƿȷáɼŵʵ϶ȨͲþ
Ȩܵ޶ȵء


˵㡯𣿴𰸲򵥡ٸӡɹ涨ܰṫ
ȨȴֹѧУڽʾ
֧άϡֹչ죬ڽ̵Ҳõڵ֧֡
߷ԺȴУֲöֹѧУΥܷ˵
෴ڷǷţɽĹʶܼ򵥣
Ҫݷɶ⡣λٲŵľִҪͨչ￹
̷Ļ»⵽ˡ

ŵľȻӦܵأٵȨ롱Ӧܵƣƺ
չֵƶȵڡǴпƺһԳġ
ɲ桱֧ŷٱ¡ԷչΪȻͬά
ϵģΪʲôܷԽ滯ɻأǷ˵ʵϵ
⡱ӦعзչȨأġ⡱Ҳһ
ΪĸԵĽûܣӦòʽɣٴΣ
ᵽķŵչĹ̷ܱ
ٵĻʲôأٵĻԴ⡱𣿡

ƶȵӣǣ


пάָŽһ˾ǿ൱Ĺ۵㣬
ΪȻϵĽֲ޴Ӱ죬˱ȴöӰ졣
һƶȣӦʼմֹ۵ۡ[1]
ܷ˹ܷѷ(Thomas Jefferson)ΪƳƵĴһܡ
˹Ϊ빫ѡȨȣеȨҪΪ
ڴҵķٲйϣΡΪٵȨͨЧ
ϻƼԼΪܵ´ǮȨɴ˱Ȼ̳ǰ
ڵӢֳʱֳ񷨹ٵʷõĸܡǶһξ
ʾʹ
ƼֱΪȨԭԽʯˡпά۱˵һ㡣
˵ԼΪͳԴȪ쵼ᣬԴȡ쵼ͳ
ߣƻƶȡ磬ѲоԱͶ
ԼѡԱ[2]ڡļ(The Federalist Papers)
Уɽ󡤺ܶ(Alexander Hamilton)ǣҵĵǷǳ
Ƴеļֵơ
ܷѷ˵žһֻԽȨ͵С޶ȡ
ܷܷ涨ӳ˶ԹȨʹϵһ
ɵȨؽһٻһ鷨ʹΨȨ
ƺ⣬ԣֳĵҲ̷֮У
ھﻹʵ롯[4]
ŽеķͥһϿԿΪһʱġֲϸµġ
漰ΧշáпάΪƵֵΪô
˵ӦſһѧУÿԱԼȨ
ͬϲ׼н֪ʶʿӴѧϰ÷ɵļʦİ
ٵָ㡢ʶʹԼͨ˷ɡΪ˵γʶʵʶ
Ҫڳƶȵлõġ[7]ԣܹΪһ
ѧãŵĽǵҪֵͺԵԴȪ
1977꣬ʦЭȫ6544ٽһ顣3466˷
ʾЩ˵У90ķٽ޳ɱƶȡ
Ӱţڳŷ١ŴþٵȨͨ
ŶԲþĴɢʱٵͬ
ĺϣпάָϿƺ˾Ȩƶȣ
ʵȴڼǿ˾Ȩңκιҵķ٣ûȨĹ
ҵķǿ[10]
϶ʵŵְһ÷ǷٵְȻŵҪһ
Ͽ˵Ψһְܣ϶ʵô߼˵϶ʵ϶
ְҵ߱ơŵĴڱ壬ûгϵļ
ԼֵˡΪȨķֻһ;Դˣѧ˹
(Thomas Mcintyre Cooley)͵ģ֮ͥԭţ
ŵĳԱѡģʽԼײʵűȵķ
жΪĶ֤ݵĸȻԣ۵ķεӢǡ
оƶȵѧߺǡ½Ҳԣд֤ݱһ
ʵʵزμУͻø߶͸𣬲ͬЭֱþ
[14]
ѧ߿˵ŵŵƺǶ˾ƶһְȫ
ãԻⷨھ˺ϰ˫ƾеİʵ֮ʱ
еһָԼɴޡΪసУ˵÷ǳ



ƶΣʼǡڷɽûС()
ƶȡͨýõӡͬʵܴ󡣱ݴѧһλɽ
޴ƶȡֹ۵ڷɽ٣¸ٵķרҵ
ʿΪȷġ˾ϵеü
ޣԶͨġղȨš

Ҳᵽǣһ㣬ѧǴģڸӵġƼ
İˡһ㡱ϵָŵĲйӦóϣ
ܴһ־ƾ˵õƶȣƶҲˣоٳɶԡ
šΪȻΪ֤ݣǴӸ͹۸ȫĽǶȿƶȣ
ƶʵϵһֱãҲõ൱μҡѧۼҵ
ͬƳҲǲʵ

ٷţŷɣ
ģ
ܷ涨Եݣһǣʵ϶ٲ
ƷҪƷŵʵ϶ͰþҪŷΪ֮ǣ
Ժֻз󣬲ʵԺĹڼල¼Ժķ
Ȩ֮Ƿȷáɼŵʵ϶ȨͲþȨܵ޶ȵء
ͨǩȷģǱܵģ
þҲ˵ɣŽȻ˾Ķ[9]⣬Ż
һΪеƣķȨˡžе
ԷɵķȨȨ޷ǲ߱ģΪٱ참ԣٵ
бȻܻӭĲ(unpopular decision)ʱŽͬ
ĲУܹڵıԹǴڴϣ˵ܹһֱ
ãܹƶܹ֮ڵرȥԭ
صļֵۣſԸزþɴȴٵĶ
1977꣬ʦЭȫ6544ٽһ顣3466˷
ʾЩ˵У90ķٽ޳ɱƶȡ

߷Ժͥȫţ߷ԺоԷɵáͺͷչ
áʹڻ㷨ԺͥŶʵ϶ҲҪ֤ݷƣ֤ݷ
ȫڷС˵й̷ٺ͵ʦáٸ
ӡ󰸼ظ桰ǷɱҰĻٽָ
(instruct)ʲôǷϵġɱ()Žȷ
Ϊʵ(ʲô)ԼʵǷϷ̵ġɱ塣Ϊ
ŶԡɱΥ䷨ɺ岢ɴ˴ĻȫȨƷ
ŵľٲžвþھʲôǡɱ
ɶ壬ں̶ܴر˫ʦĳ(ͨύbriefʦݸ
Էɵζ塰ɱ)룬һδרҵѵ
һɷѧԺ̷ͨĽٻпܲ˭Ľأһȷ
ɺ(ʵ)ĹؼУ𲻵κá

ڳϸΪͥʵҲᵽٲž
вþٿԡŵľ෴ȴ
ᵽſʽ߱ġȨԸо
أǣϵڲǢأ

ġԽԽɬڳ޷мֵۡ

ģ
ִƶ£ٸ÷ɣŸ϶ʵǴڷٺ
֮Ͷֹֹ֮ԭҪźͷپвͬسƣ
پͨɣ϶ʵҪͨʶǣʵ϶ҪɵָٱΪ
Աġɽڡʱʦˡ
žֻʵ϶ʵ϶벻йطɹ涨ͷ֪ʶ⣬
þҲҪ÷ɡԣձܹŪɺ÷ɣʵ
ԲڸӵķƶȿһֻԼãԶԷɵĪ趨һ
ԽܵĽޣſҪɹʹһ˶⡣⣬Ŷʦͨ
׻ִҵҲʩӰ졣һλӰ죺жʦʩ
˷ǳϿҪʦⰸе֤ݣҪԴڵĳ̶ȣ
ʹʦĸϢ֯һܹΪ֪ʶûеܹ
ʽֻҪۿһܸɵʦζԸʵʩͥģͿʦΪ
ʹŪͼ˶ôŬ[11]
ڴٽɵĿԷļֵȱڷɵϣҲг
ϡȣӦ׶ļֵʦıҲӦˡΣַ
׶ڴٽʵֵͳǵķɲ⣬ļֵȻ
Ҫܵ谭ļֵ໥ġǰܹһּ
ǻ۵ԷɵǼε
÷Ҫרҵѵͬ϶ʵͨʶ
һϣԱͷٲ޲ͬˣ϶ʵϻз߱
ƣžж˼ġ塯
ʦЭ(Association of Trial Lawyers of America)ͷõ
ԷһηΧĵ顣ڵһλдΪʮ
ʵʱκһλһáǳܹʵְ
ڿǷϸš˵ġϸ⡯֮һǿ
õķ(applicable law)ɿܱӲֱضЩʱ京
ûĺͷġſԸ跨ԣȷõķͬҪЭ
һ¡þʱȨ÷Ժ󣬶迼ǱӦõķɡ
ӵжٲеȨȨΪŵķȨ
(jury nullification)߽СŵĲط֮Ȩ(jury lawlessness)


зΣǷ׷ӡɬ˿ΪһҵĽ
ķȷˡͨԽԽԼ÷ȡԼȨ
ѰרҵİԽԽܹרҵѵʿ˭
ͳʦʱʮּԡרҵԵķɱۡѵһѧϰרҵ㣬
רҵֶΣרҵ˼άʽĹ̡һδѵ
һ(ĳΪǷĳ)мֵۡԽ۵Ľͣ
ҸӷӲʿߵ˵һ

ĵףƶȿ͹Ҫɱܱùֻɬ׷ӵ
пܵģΪҪָϱ仯ĻҪͣظºͲ䣬ȴ
һҪɬҲǡѶ仰˵ųԱ֪ܲĳɣȴӦ
ʦͷٵĽ롰ָȴȻ⡣ǿѰרҰȻ
ȷģרͨͷɵģȻԷӦǸмֵģ
ֵּӦϿɣű壬ɾĳΪĳЩۼʩ
̨ˡϣƶȾԵøмֵˣᣩ

⣬еһλѰζָʹڷϸ
ϣȻʸģѺᵽġһδ
ѵܹһ(ĳΪǷĳ)мֵۡһ
ãڱ֪㹻Ϣʦͷ٣ָ͡ʾԷ٣ǰ£û
㹻ѵȻмֵۡʹĿǰ۵
һ˵ҲҺܷġǷѧʿûʸ͡ܡһ
㡰мֵۡ⡣

󣬷漰ÿ棬ɵķչǽͨδѵ
Ĺڷ֮ĻΪķɶٴαҵĹ۵㣬
ͬȻѧ⣬һ䣺ûйѧ͵ѧ׵ʦһ
Chua's CircuitsζĿȥ𣿵ûзѧ׵Ĺƴѧҵȴ
û̫ϰȫԼȤɵĶѧԸһֱȥĻ
רҵѵΪΪǷѧʿĲɽ벻Էʵ
ڲܹͬһ˵ȷʵҪרҵѵĻʶ೤ʱ䣬Ķٷѧר
ʸأȫԸԼʸʱλ̸

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