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սһϣ׶ɣΧȫ켺ӣƫȫҪ졣
ڱȴΪȽǣòҽܣ˴ѧǰΰ
̷Ըеоת̷ԴΪҵߡ̩ڱ
СȴϺѧԨԴͬ˿һǺǵӵ֮⣬
йκνҪСǷԺԨԴ²Ȼ
ȨֻǲͿ֮Ҳ˵Ҹص̷ѧȥ
磬Ǽƪǳӿɽ籡˵˵Լ
˵⼸λ¹ϵʿˣҲʲϰ
ʵĸΪΧ켺ˣ¶ѣشϸñ˵
ڶѵҳָѧǰΰ̷ת̷Ҽ
ˣǻáϰաķѧˮ׼һλѧѧķѧˮƽ



һԭ



Щ˿ܲ⣬ΪʲôΣԵΪ̷ûй涨ΪģͲ
ƲáܻݸΪˣĹܹרȨвȣ
ʵǺߵҪҪöࡣ֪˵ϵġ
֮ûС֮ζŷǷȡõ֤ЧΪ֤
ʾԡйѶƹ֮ŽƶһҪԭ򣬾
ΪǿʵǡƳ֤ݣܡ֤ʵĻΪ
Ϸ֤ݵġҿϸһʲô
ｲǡƶԭһû㹻֤ݣҲû
漰Ѷƹ˵һѡһֱ۵Ϊζ
⣬Ƿ⣬ѿˡ



ѧϰɣɾù׼ĻҲģʶһ
ӵʹת̡Ҫ˵йҲΪǱ
ģһʱŤתҲû취¡
ƶԭᱣˣҵ⣨ҽӴһЩף
ǻ裺ǿؿܶ﹫ֺ>>ͨ﹫
ֺĳЩںʹ󷨹ʼձһֶȨĲ
ΡȻƶˣȴҲĺˣɾȻ
йһķʶͬûôѰɣҹҲڳ
ƶԭһ





ѧ߶һЩ԰·ѧƵͲתˡڹڴĴΣ
ڷƶȵȱݣ˷ʹڶԷɻ߷ܽ
ⱧвʵʵĻ롣Ƿǳ׵ģ׵ڶԷε
ڶԡΡʶ²ĳЩνѧҸѧǿܸע
ۣڹĵǿɲԣڿ¶벻ԷαĻ룬
ѧҸ÷εɣʵڷʵδ淨Σ
ιȻôɿȴҪȶö࣬öࡣ

·򣬡ط䡷ʼ͹涨йٲԷĹ涨ܾ
У˿˵·з·漰Ȩ͹ȨĶԿԣ
ʲôԭơȸ֮ķַ©յȵȣȫ
ܺ¡ؾȻָ޶Ҳǲԣǵò·ȥ
ͷȥΪ
µİĲƶĵĲƣȻԴɰա𻵹
Ұﱣĺ벻ȴҪ޶

⣬̷ޣ̷¡·𡰲ɱƽ
ߡ̾ͲжҲ֣ԣ̾Ͳһʵǲ̷
Ҳ޿κΣȫµķεšιΪ
һ£ûӦεĴһ¡ûӦΣӲҪһ
ǶԷεĹȻ̤
˭Ҳû˵Ҫ̷£ʲôʲôģɵʱ
ܷԭ򣬶ԷɽʵҲ㲻ǡԷεĹȻ̤ɣ
̤ԼҰﱣġ



˾ܾ

ǿ󶯻;˾򣬡⡱ûЩ
гߵλ
ʶΪ˾ϵġ⡱й̷ּʲôأ

Ҳ֪ܷڡƶʵʩ񱻹ƶȡĸ
Ժδֻ֪ƶҲֻУһֱ顣ʹ
شǣʵ֪Ų⡣
ķѧˮ׼ˡĿ࿴ƶȲǡУѧ
ϰѧľ÷ѧ֪ĳʶΪרŴ绰ҵһ÷
ʵ£ʶѧгġӢϵʲô˼ǴҶ
۵ľƬѵǳ԰ʳģͺȫ˾Եӣ
ࡰͬѧȥϰϰѧγ̡
ƶȺûǲãЩƽͷϰûзȨжҲͬ
⣬Ƕҵ񰮺ߣˮƽԶǾЩ˵˵һƪ
·ǳǳɣȤϸĶȫģǷѧרңȻϤ
ˣ
http://hntex.8u8.com/chinese/works/34.htm
ӢƶȵļֵӢƶȵļֵ
ά
пάָŽһ˾ǿ൱Ĺ۵㣬
ΪȻϵĽֲ޴Ӱ죬˱ȴöӰ졣
һƶȣӦʼմֹ۵ۡ
ңҺ֮ҪһشȨƹͣ
硣ƶȾһװáϿԷǰãԳΪ
˶ʱͻʱǽ֮䣬ΪȨȨ֮䲻
ƫеٲߡڴϣṫڵѹȵķԱ
ϵ˲ܸܷٺѹԷٵС
ܷ˹ܷѷ(Thomas Jefferson)ΪƳƵĴһܡ
˹Ϊ빫ѡȨȣеȨҪΪ
ڴҵķٲйϣΡΪٵȨͨЧ
ϻƼԼΪܵ´ǮȨɴ˱Ȼ̳
ؼζԷٵȨԼҪҪԼ
Ϊ˱֤˾ȨʵԵذܷ涨Եݣһǣ
ʵ϶ٲƷҪƷŵʵ϶Ͱþ
ҪŷΪ֮ǣԺֻз󣬲ʵ
ԺĹڼල¼ԺķȨ֮Ƿȷáɼŵʵ϶
ȨͲþȨܵ޶ȵء
ŽеķͥһϿԿΪһʱġֲϸ
ġ漰ΧշáпάΪƵֵΪ
ô
ڱ˾ΪԺĲвܾܵȫ
ĻӭԺĵĲġĵĲɷ
ٵģڷپضԺ׳Ϊʱǹٷ
ӡˡļְͥҵӰ졣С䣬
Ұһ꣬ǱɢڹڵҰЩԷھ
鰸ʺϡңް칫ңͬҲûԵϵʶ
[8]һеݷԺ˵ΪҪΪеݣͨ
ѡƲģѡٲķڱٴѡ٣оʱ
ῼǵѡҪһ̶˵Ӱ˷ٵ˾ͨǩ
ȷģǱܵģþҲ˵ɣ
ŽȻ˾Ķ[9]⣬ŻһΪеƣ
ķȨˡžеĶԷɵķȨȨ
ǲ߱ģΪٱ참ԣٵбȻܻӭ
Ĳ(unpopular decision)ʱŽͬĲУ
ܹڵıԹǴڴϣ˵ܹһֱã
ܹƶܹ֮ڵرȥԭص
ֵۣſԸزþɴȴٵĶ
ִƶ£ٸ÷ɣŸ϶ʵǴڷٺ
֮Ͷֹֹ֮ԭҪźͷپвͬس
ƣپͨɣ϶ʵҪͨʶ
žֻʵ϶ʵ϶벻йطɹ涨ͷ֪ʶ⣬
þҲҪ÷ɡԣձܹŪɺ÷ɣ
ʵԲڸӵķƶȿһֻԼãԶԷɵĪ趨
һԽܵĽޣſҪɹʹһ˶⡣⣬Ŷ
ʦͨ׻ִҵҲʩӰ졣
ǿҽĶȫģоɲ̫࣬ˡУ
http://mylaw.myrice.com/fali/fali0077-heweifang.htm
ͥϵġ塱
ϵѧѧԺڡʿʦ
ҹͳ˾ĲͲˣһ˾ΣԶ
ٸ֮ʢУһ棬ʮеιٸĴǸǰʽ
ү˽Ϊǣʶ̬Ծƶȵ
ٹעΡͳԼƾȡƶȵ¹Աǲ÷ɵרҵ֪ʶ԰
ƽĺͳһо˾ⲿȨĸԤˣվǰٶ
«ɮࡣ 
ƶȵԴڵǰŶ԰ʵжϲѵҪ
ǹƽĻƺǵĻԼ顣ƽѡԼ˫
°ǿط緽뵽ųԱĹԵļС
ɵſ˵ǵԼѡķȺ壬Ĳþڵɾи
ǿ˵Աӵѡ뵱ڡͬˡӢ
ν 󡱣ܹضмֵڰǷֱ
жϽΪһܡƽտԲ˾ߣ˾֣Ϊ
˾Ȩɹ¢ϡÿ궼԰Ƶĸиҵʿ뷨ͥ
˾Ȼһѧϰ֪ʶξ;Ϊ
ֵּ߳ΪɵıݣѧУ˵ƶӢ
ƶȵĻʯҪ֮һ 
http://www.szed.com/jiaodian/19981202/GB/31%5EA4.htm
Ӣͥйͥ
һӢ׷еģⷨͥӢ߷Ժ󷨹ٷա¶ѫ
緽ʦӢҷɹʣųԱй˾ɽרҡѧߡ̨¹
Ӣķרңžй
ͬʱӢųİ¶ٴ󷨹ڷܵĿĻʽϴй졢ء˵ͳһ
г̸ɯʿǵϷ硶˹ˡ˵йעغƽͻӢν
̰ԭ򣬸ɫӢķƶȻԴԶҲһɲġ
ӢͥºҲʼͥķʽ⡢ٲͽȡЩ
й˳ϵĽ֮ҶԵ˵Խʡá
ٴñӲͬģⷨͥ˾ƶһҪйķͥ
ûԱȻּڱϲйԱƶȣڲѣ
ͬ衣գȫ˴ίίԱǿҪԱƶȣǿȺڶ
ɵļලɽʿԴ˷Ӧǿң׷׳ıߡһйԱƶȿ
ǫ́
ͥЪʱ߷ԺһλԱ̾ʦ֤˵ѯ֤ǳϸ£ʦ
ġ⣬֤˸ڵ֤ͥйһǳѣ֤˾´

һλžйԼ˵йûʦҶԵ֤ͥľѯʡ


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ŵĿľΪ˷ӦĹͬʶΪ˱ڲþܵԭ
ĸţΪȷطӳ⡣ܴһ£Ҫ
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ºΪ⣿йʢеߺ֮ɣйֻԲ
ƶȣΪãΪйͨķ뷨ɹ
Ĳࡣ

12ͨѡ϶һǷ˹ҵķɡֻζŹͶ
ȨĲΣƶϽ¶Ȩֵ֮¡
ֻ϶ʵܽͷɣֻɷ͡ûκְȥ
˵ţ෴Ӧ򷨹ٻáָʾ
Ҳˣ˵ŵʦǷ٣۾
ƬĻҲ򷨹ٻָʾΪҪṩ
Ϣ֧оṩָʾܷϿɵȻȡ12ϰյľ
ֻҪǿԴһµĻ⣬ǰõάᵽжԲ
ɵġȨ֪ЩѶԲġҰﱣ
Ȩкθ룿

˵һӵղþȨڷ٣šǿЦ߰
˾һֱԴ߷ԺΪֹղþйϼԺ
ʵ÷ɡϼԺֻ÷ɣõöԻǲԣ
˵㡣
ָܷĲͥղþǳղþϼԺķ
÷ɵʱ򣬾ܲسŵоױΪи
ӰԼִ

˾ʱų⡱˾Ӱ죬ҪԺ
ֱͥɭ⣩Ӱ޴˹涨Ƿýֱ
ɷپɭ⣬సֱйԺֱֳ
˼ΣѧڸࡣΪ£ر˫ѾתΪǰıݣ
Էɹ׷ˡ
ɷӵİɼѶ˾˽⣡й˾ֱֳıײ
Ϊѷȱݸı¶ڴĿ֮£ѧǲʤֵİɣ



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ͬ߷ֵȡ
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޳ǸȨʱ޳ÿ˶ӦΪԼȨ
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