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ʿݵзȶ

ߣhooklee

״µᵽswissworld.orgվĲͬ԰汾ʿݵ
вͬ˵İİȻ˵26ݣӢİ˵23ݡô
˵ȷأ˵ԣͼٴνиϸ
µı⣬״µֽһЩµʿҲһ
ЩµĴͲ֮Ҳһг˵ۡ

ݵͰݵĶλ⣬ʵϴεѾ˵ñȽ
ˣӢάٿƴĽܣܷѧ֮Ϊ""Ѿǹʱˣ
ҪΪʿܷȷغг26Ϊʿɲ֡
ʿܷ
http://www.admin.ch/org/polit/00083/index.html?lang=enӢİһ
ֵһȫ¼£

Title 1: General Provisions
Art. 1 Swiss Confederation

The Swiss People and the Cantons of Zurich, Berne, Lucerne, Uri, 
Schwyz, Obwald and Nidwald, Glarus, Zug, Fribourg, Solothurn, Basel 
City and Basel Land, Schaffhausen, Appenzell Outer Rhodes and 
Appenzell Inner Rhodes, St. Gall, Grisons, Aargau, Thurgau, Ticino, 
Vaud, Valais, Neuchatel, Geneva, and Jura, form the Swiss Confederation.

ʿܷİ棨http://www.admin.ch/org/polit/00083/index.html
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1. Titel: Allgemeine Bestimmungen
Art. 1 Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft

Das Schweizervolk und die Kantone Zrich, Bern, Luzern, Uri, 
Schwyz, Obwalden und Nidwalden, Glarus, Zug, Freiburg, Solothurn, 
Basel-Stadt und Basel-Landschaft, Schaffhausen, Appenzell Ausserrhoden 
und Appenzell Innerrhoden, St. Gallen, Graubnden, Aargau, Thurgau, 
Tessin, Waadt, Wallis, Neuenburg, Genf und Jura bilden die 
Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft.

⣬ʿܷĵһֵݵĶ壨ʿܷΪ
Ӣİ棩

Title 1: General Provisions
Art. 3 Cantons

The Cantons are sovereign insofar as their sovereignty is not 
limited by the Federal Constitution; they shall exercise all rights 
which are not transferred to the Confederation.

ûκݵʵϣʿܷļ
"canton"ѵصĴʣcantoncantonscantonal
intercantonalȣûκһᵽhalf-canton(s)demicanton(s)
ʡܷļ漰ǰݵĲֻ

Title 4: People and Cantons
Chapter 2: Initiative and Referendum
Art. 142 Required Majorities

The Cantons of Obwald, Nidwald, Basel City, Basel Land, Appenzell 
Outer Rhodes and Appenzell Inner Rhodes have each one half of a 
cantonal vote.

Title 5: Federal Authorities
Chapter 1: General Provisions
Art. 150 Composition and Election of the Senate

The Cantons of Obwald, Nidwald, Basel City, Basel Land, Appenzell 
Outer Rhodes and Appenzell Inner Rhodes shall elect one Senator each; 
the other Cantons shall elect two Senators.

ĺȷس6"ǰ"Ϊ""cantonsЩܷĳ
˵1999ʿܷ޶ԺʿѾκ
ˣǾǣʿ26ɣ6ֻаͶƱȨ

ֵһǣȻswissworld.orgվӢİᵽʿ23ݣǸ
վĵ桢桢桢İİ5汾ȷʿ
26ݡֻӢİᵽ23˵ƺδȷ
˵"23ȫݺ6"swissworld.orgվĸ԰汾
ʿ԰汾ۺжϣҲ֪26ȷ˵
Ӣİ˵Ϯ˵δ޶

󣬵άٿƵHalbkantonӢ"half-canton"Ҳȷ
˰Ŀǰ״̬ıʾ⣬áaeʾͷ
ĸa

Halbkantone ist die heute nicht mehr offizielle, aber bliche 
Bezeichnung fr die sechs Schweizer Kantone, welche nur mit einem 
Sitz im Staenderat vertreten sind (waehrend es bei den anderen 
Kantonen zwei sind) und bei der Berechnung des Staendemehrs nur ber 
die halbe Stimmkraft verfgen.

λĴ·£ڰѾһʽˣϰ
ȻڳƺʿݣЩԺֻһϯβڼ㡮
ݡʱɼĿǰͨʶҲǣѾǹȥʽˣֻΪ
ʽĹ÷ʹá

ȻҪرָǣڰ״ʿ1999ǰʱ23ݵ˵
ǺϷĶҲӦĿǰûȫͳһҪԭ

⣬״һЩʿƶȲͬԴΪ֤ϣ
˵23ݻ26ݵ˵ǿԵġǣӦʶʿ
ܷϵģǸݼϵģƶȵĸԺ͸Ǻ
ݵԼĶλûֱӹϵ

һ°״µеĲִͲĵطͱǰ
һǰ״ԭģǱ˵ۡ

====бʼ====

EYH=Eidgenoessische Technik Hochschule

ȷƴǡETH=Eidgenoessische Technische Hochschule
ѧУǴҶ֪УѧԺ(ETH Zurich)

ʿҵSchweizerische Eidgenoessenschaft,
֮ΪʿEidgenoesseԭָġ

ȣʿֵĵǡSchweizerische Eidgenossenschaft
ʾڶʵĵ7ĸûeΣEidgenosseʵԭ
ǡġԴʹȷӢάٿƵEidgenosse
ҵEidgenosse is a compound word in German meaning a 
Swiss person. ... The word Eid means oath, and Genosse means comrade. 
Eidgenosse literally means something like "comrade in oath". Its true 
meaning, a Swiss, comes from the 1291 foundation of the Swiss 
Confederation, where Cantonal representatives took an oath to come to 
each other's aid in case of attack.κһǵ䣬ҲԺ
׿EidGenosseľ庬ֱǡԡͬ͡־

ϰ˵Ϊն壬ʿ˴Լ
һ֡

նʵһöĸ˵ĵ־ֻеһ
֧⣬նΪһѧʻһżȻƺʷû
ԳԼնˣôʿ˵ȻҲԳնˣμ
άٿơնˡĽܣնһЩԡĻϰ
ܳơЩǰ2ǧ굽Լ4ŷޱвն
˲ԼΪնˡǵʷǿҲûнԼͬһ
塣Ǩնݻ˹ά塢Ӣˡ
˹˺͵¹ˣЩݻˡʿĵ־ˡô
ĴǺϷǵˡڰµҲն˺ᡣЩµ
춼϶ɵġʹáնˡʵϣ
ʷѧҲϣᡣԼǰ80ʱһʹʡҲŷĳ
һ޷֤СӴʱʲƺеն
塣пһСֺΪȺ֡ն
ʵԴ޷ۡնն޷
֤նԼԼΪն˵ĿԷǳСǰ51
¬սǡʹնơｫԶͳ
Ϊնˡ

GraubndenݣݵǴģݵԭʼ
ΧûκԵԣѴѧĽǶ֤

Romanshﲻǰ״˵ĹԣRhaeto-Romanceµһ
֣Rhaeto-RomanceRomance壨壬˽
ȴ֣һ֧Romansh
һЩԵϵѧƲǿܶԴ۹ʱڵ
Vulgar LatinͨοӢάٿƵRomansh⣬
һ
http://europeforvisitors.com/switzaustria/articles/romansh_language.
htmܣRomanshкܶĵطںܶοͿܰ·
ԼֽеRomanshʵƴʡ

ʱ򣬺ûоͳƣʱıֽ˵ֻ1
2000ͳ3ˣ

ʿȻǽſʼ˿ղ顣ӢάٿƵLinguistic 
geography of SwitzerlandԿRomansh1950˿
19501%19600.9%1970/19800.8%19900.6%20000.5%
ʿ˿ʷݣhttp://www.populstat.info/Europe/switzerc.htm
19504715,00019605360,20019706269,80019806366,0001990
6873,70020007284,900򵥼֪˵Romanshǣ19504.7
19604.819705ң19805.119904.120003.6
ɼ˵RomanshȺ1990ǰڻ಻٣԰״϶
Ǵˣߵʱıֽᵽ1ֲȫݵģĳ
ġ

ݵľھˡⲢ
Ҳ

GraubndenݵĵʷϾǽġݵWalser˵ʷ
һֱ׷ݵ1000ǰԼ1200꿪ʼValaisǨGraubnden
ݡWalser˵ǸߵصһַԡοӢάٿWalser
Walser GermanԼGraubndenĽܡҳҲһЩ
ؽܣhttp://www.discussanything.com/forums/showthread.php?t=24999

ʿĴϣͨʾϣһֻеû
Ӣû


http://europeforvisitors.com/switzaustria/articles/romansh_language.ht
mNone of this matters to the tourist, who's likely to think a 
Romansh street sign or newspaper headline is written in mispelled 
Italian.Graubndenݵ·Ӧעġ
ݡǸݱصҪ·ƣһƪѧ
The German-Romance Language Borders in Switzerland
JOURNALOFMULTILINGUALANDMULTICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT Vol. 23, No. 1&2, 
pages 112-136, 2002, ȫӣ
http://www.multilingual-matters.net/jmmd/023/0112/jmmd0230112.pdfУ
߽1998Fribourgʱ·Ȼֻзע
ﶼûС

ȻռʿĹٷУ⽻ϣ
ҪԷΪ

֪״˵ûоĳҾãȻ⽻ϣ
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Уѵʿ⽻پȻ˵ŵ¼ʿ⽻վ
http://www.eda.admin.chᷢȱʡǵǷ

˵ǩ֤ʱͳԹбֻзһ
ֶʶ֪״һûС

еһΪԵĹңȻֻ
ǩ֤ǰѲ֤ˣĿǰʿǩ֤к
ܶԵİ汾ɹʹã
http://www.bfm.admin.ch/bfm/en/home/themen/einreise/visumantragsformul
ar.html˵͵ĵ·Ӣ汾⣬ҲṩӢ汾

ʿλGemeide൱ǵġءҳϷ
С˿ڻ𶼷ǳеGemeide˿
ȱݻеĺСǵĴࡣͨȫ񹫾GemeindeҲ
ƶԼġߡûԼᣬ

ϴġСǿеطᣨӢelected town council
gewaehlten Parlamentģswissworld.orgĽ
http://www.swissworld.org/zh/politics/general_information/communes/ 
ڽϴֱӲʽͲ̫ˣҪѡ
ٳĵط񡣡

һʲôߣͨʲôɣòͷͿ
һ飨Volksinitiative,ֻҪ1810˵ǩ
ݶݹ涨һͲòһεȫ񹫾Уȫ幫
ȫ񹫾Volksabstimmung

״νġ񸴾ƶȣϧʱƺ
ƶȵʵ
http://www.swissworld.org/zh/politics/people_s_rights/people_s_right
s/
ʿġ񸴾ָȫͶƱͨѾͨ᰸κη
·ɵĸ˻֯ڹٷ100ռ5ǩ÷潫
лȫͶƱ£񸴾ֻǿҷԲռǩʱ
ܽСµǶܷĲ䣬ǩκβɷϳĹԼ
ͨȫͶƱͨ(ǿƸ)ڴƼǿƸ£
ͨ'˫ض'Ч'˫ض'ָ޳Ҷ޳ɡ
Ҳ鿴˸վӢİ͵棬һµġʿȷʵһֱ
--ơߵҪ10ǩҪ޶
ܷߴ·ƶȵĽܲμ
http://www.swissworld.org/zh/politics/people_s_rights/people_s_rights/

http://www.swissinfo.org/chi/swissinfo.html?siteSect=1551&sid=8299218&
cKey=1191962233000&ty=st

˵ʿһҪںЭ

Ѱ20080201ġһУѾȷᵽִ
Ҫԭ֮һǡƳáʵ塢ЭЭľ
Values of tolerance, pragmatism, cooperation, and compromiseʵ
ϣЭΪִҪ֮һҲʿר
ĿǰռʿҪɫֱȫ񹫾ΪҪ
еķԶԶҡʿԼ
http://www.swissinfo.org/chi/swissinfo.html?siteSect=1551&sid=829921
8&cKey=1191962233000&ty=stʿԭʵľȨڹ
Сʿϵáֱݡ˹֮⣬Ҳ
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ûйûͳĹң쵼ġ

ʿĹٷ˵һĴ֪1848֮ǰʿ
һĹңֻһңݣɢ塣Ȼǹң
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෴ͲʿͳǰľѾᵽ
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ҲԼȨʵԼľģʽƣϸ
ܿԲο
http://www.swissworld.org/zh/history/middle_ages/subjects_and_allies/ 
Ҳ˵ڵʿʵϺ͹ŴͨȨҡǰ
ɢûбʵֿʵϺǽ
ƶȷţ༰

ΪƵЧʣᣬǡһơᣬ
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ǰľѾȷᵽʿԺ1848ܷģ
ܵǷӰ죬www.swissworld.orgİзǳȷ
Ϊ˽һʵҲ鿴ҳӢİĵ棬ᵽ1848ܷ
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7УռǷ2
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http://www.swissinfo.org/chi/swissinfo.html?siteSect=1551&sid=829915
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һ򱻹ȫͶƱȡֻܷ涨͸
ӦίԱʵĴֱ2008ֻѡ6Ů
ίԱᵽܷļʿܷ5Federal 
Authorities3Federal Government and Federal Administrationһ
Organisation and Procedure175Composition and Election

7λҪΰϯе˲ԸⵣΡϯ
͵ǰһλٸɰߺһλǰӰࡣеϯԸһꡣ

ʿϯҲΪͳһ꣬ǰꡣ
http://www.swissinfo.org/chi/swissinfo.html?siteSect=1551&sid=8299158&
cKey=1197639944000&ty=st෴ʿûҲû
һλڵͳ(ʿͳһ)1848ʿʿ
7ɣǱΪίԱÿͳʿ
ϯбhttp://www.admin.ch/ch/e/cf//index4.htmlְȫһ
ģֻJonas FurrerڽͳԼ198919401908
ݵĸְм

⣬һ飬ΪûͶƱȨԱʿϷΪ
쵼ˡ

״˵λƺӦӢFederal Chancellery
Bundeskanzlerμswissworld.org£Э
Ĺ뽨顣ϯÿܵڸ飬ѯ
ǹٷسΪڰλίԱ

ʿʿ񣬶ԼĹءʵ
ʿ˵ʶ̬һ㶼ܶ˶ԼСɡ
ܶʿԼҲΪӪһ֡ʵ
ʵˣʿûκһ鰸ߡ

״ߵˣǿǹڹеľ
ɫҪ˼뱣ַ֡˹
Ȩˡswissworld.orgվĽ
http://www.swissworld.org/zh/politics/foreign_policy/neutrality_and_
isolationism/սʱڣζŲ֮ս
Ȩɹʹͬ1907ȷںƽʱڣƶԼ
涨ǵȻӦμκξˣ籱Լ֯(NATO)
λʹʿԶսұ˸ֲ֧ͬսѵΣ
ասʿò¶塮һʵĸ1996꣬Ϊ˺ƽ
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Ŀǰʿ򷿵ģƽ϶ࡣswissworld.org
ؽ
http://www.swissworld.org/zh/info/faq/living_in_switzerland/
ʿ򷿵Ĺ涨ǳϸ񡣷ʿβȼݡ
סʿŷ˳ԱԲƵ򷿣ֻܹһԼʹ
סƬܵơ˾ַʿ
Ĺٷ١ʿݵĹϸڶͬϸӢİصַ
http://www.bj.admin.ch/etc/medialib/data/wirtschaft/grundstueckerwerb.
Par.0008.File.tmp/lex-e.pdfϸķҪ1983
ɣӦһֱõߡ

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бܷʿһֱڣûбϣĿǰʿȻ
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ʿȫ񹫾ǷȡбܷʿĹ
ĸŷ˹ԱǵģʿбܷƻŷΪʹ
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ʿôѧڵְλƣҼֱʵһ65꣬
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ںκод£Ҳ̨

ⲻѧձʩеƶĿҪΪ˱֤ѧ
ɣûֱӹϵ

(XYS20080214)

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