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зµʿٳ

ߣhooklee

״20080203дƪʿ£оݺԭӡ
󲻷컨Щʱ˶һϣְ״ʿܿ˵Ǵ
ٳ˵ÿλÿ仰д߲֮
20080205ĲȻС⣬Ǿ󲿷ִûеõΪ
˱״¼󵼲ϤʿʷĶߣдƪ¡

ϣԺ״дĽʱٵſڿӣϽ
֤̬ȣֻ²֪˵ı۶Ѱԭķ˿Ҳ˴
롣

水20080203ĵ˳гĵطǰģǱ
˵ۺ;ڱ˲ʿʷרңϢ
Ȼߴ©ĵط½Ⲣָ

====бʼ====

˹

ϤŷʷѶ֪House of Habsburgͨ÷ǡ˹
֪Ϊʲô״á˹뷨
google顰˹ֻ11ҳ棨һǰ״˿
£顰˹39,900ҳ档Ҹ˹ʹá˹
뷨10ҳ涼ʹƴ뷨ɵĴ󡣡

1290꣬˹ϻʵȥ

ӢάٿRudolph I of Germany/Rudolf I of Habsburg
֪λϻʵۡ1291715ա

λڵʿݡͰݵԴ񣬾ۼһ𣬡

뱾λ˵ݷֱǣUriSchwyzUnterwalden״
ûUriŪݶ⡣SchwyzȷĹٷ뷨ǡʩάġ
ݹٷվϵһļ
http://www.sz.ch/soziales/PDF/OHG_merkblatt/chinesisch.pdfgoogle
ѡʿݡֻһҳ棬ǰ״˿£뷨
ǰ״˵Unterwaldenһ߶ݻ
ݣֱӳ߶ݣΪUnterwaldenΪ߶ǰݡ
ObwaldenNidwaldenҲаѡ߶ǡΪ߶¡ģ״˵
ݡAargauݡġԴǸ
ûвμ1291Ļˡ1415ʿ˲Ŵӹ˹жȡ
AargauʿݵĹٷķ뷨Բο
http://www.swissinfo.ch/chi/swiss_politics/index.html?siteSect=1600

1291ʿǩһͬ˰Э顱

ǩЭĵطRtliطUriʿ
Schwyz

ڶɳʱ޹ִ֮ΧĴ
Ƿ׷Ҫ˰ˡþЭ˰Ҳ
׼ɽǴǱʿش˹ɽɽ·գ
ɽʵ̫û̫ˮҲɾ
ǮһʱΧũҲڵĸݷ׷׼
˰ˣʹһ˵ݴ13

״Ѹ۵ʿʷ˵̫˰ɣʵϣǸʱڵĵ
սкܸӵαʿ˹սһֱ˺
ã˺ʿ𲽿ʼţΪŷһ֧ǿľ
ֱ1515ʿŵ(Marignano)սб˴ܣ
ſʼֹͣţתΪһ⣬ʿ˴3
ŵ13ݣ൱ʱ䣬ǡһʱ䡱
عȻˡݣ10ݼʿ˵ʱǣ
1332¬(Luzern)1351(Zrich)1352³˹(Glarus)
(Zug)1353겮(Bern)1353-1481֮100˳Աޱ仯
1481긥ﱤ(Fribourg)ͼ(Solothurn)1501(Basel)ɳ
ɭ(Schaffhausen)1513갢߶(Appenzell)ӡݡ˸
62꣬ٴӡ˸ϵյ13ݣ160꣡
ȻݡȷʵǡɭݡǺڵĺܶݶǳݣֳ
ʿ˵һɫмֵʿʷܲμ
http://www.swissworld.org/zh/history

˿ݼˣʿΪһҵĳξʹ
ɡ

ȣȻ˿Ŀǰʿģʷϲ
ҳʷϣ
http://www.populstat.info/Europe/switzerp.htmֱ֪1941
ų(Bern)Ϊ˿ڵһݡڶʿΪһҳε
γɣļϵ1351Ϊ5ݼʿ
˺Ϊʩά(Schwyz)и(Toggenburg)ض
װͻȻתʿ޵аµ1440걻ˡ
սܣʩάĵ޽˺Լµˣŵٱ
ˣ1450±Ϊ˳Ա

ŷʱһͳʿ13֮á

ʱڵĴģ1798-1803Ƿֺ
Ķĺάڹ͹1803ͨˡָͣƶȣ
6ݣ1812ضԶսʧ1813ʿȨ
1815µԼǩͬάҲɻȷʿĶλ
17981812꣬ʵʿʿʱ15ꡣ

׵ľʿʱȴǡɡƽȡǵ
û⵽ֿܵĻӭ

زûֿܵSwissworld.orgվʿ⽻
ʿίԱ죩ϵĽô
http://www.swissworld.org/zh/history/the_18th_century/the_french_occupation/
ռʿ˵ܱߵ1793̵ְ꣬
رռ죻1797꣬غϲ˸ͱǵ߶̩
(Valtellina)䲢ոսCisalpine͹֮(Ϊϲһ
)1798 1£ (Frdric Csar de la Harpe)쵼
򷨹ᷴɸϳݡǷʿǰࡣ
ʱֻвԷЧֿڵһγɹ󣬲
µĸͺ(Grauholz)֮սбܡʧܱ־ž˵Ľ


ʿΪһɴ˶

1815άҲɻȻʽȷʿĹҵλһΪʿ
ΪһִϵĹҿʼ1848ܷͨ

http://www.swissworld.org/zh/politics/general_information/ch_confoederatio_helvetica/
ʿʽ1848ꡣǰʿһ
壬ֻһɢݼˡݼĺ̶ʷʱڶͬ
1848֮ǰݿʿˡʿ1848ܷ涨ʿһ
ң֤ƽ˸ȨĳЩ棬
⽻ϣֻĸȨ˳1848ּܷ
ھƽ֮Ĺϵʹϡ

뷨һЩҲ׷׼ʿ

ʱսʿ˵ֻ3ݣ(Valais)ɳ̩
(Neuchatel)(Geneva)Ƿ˫ݡӢάٿ
Valais˵£Valais is predominantly French- and 
Arpitan-speaking. The eastern part of the canton Upper Valais, however, 
speaks Walliser German. The French-speaking population makes up a 
little bit more than two thirds of the total population.ʱֻ
ݼһ˫ݼʿƲܳΪһЩҲ׷׼
ʿ

ԺƵƶҲڶս֮ʽ«ŵɡ

ʿԺƶʼںάڹ͹ܷӰ죬

http://www.swissworld.org/zh/history/the_18th_century/the_helvetic_republic/
ʿڷ֧£Ϊ뻯ĺάڹ͹ⶨܷ
1798걻á֮Ļ֣ƶȺ͹ͬͳαϳ
»֣ʷȫͬһɢᱻԺ棬Աͨ
ѡѡλ쵼
ʿͳΰԺԺƶҲӦϳֱ1848
ʿܷȷƶȣ

http://www.swissworld.org/zh/history/the_federal_state/the_constitutio
n_of_1848/
ҪĸԺѡƶȼȷ
ԱɣϯΡ

ݡ

ȷӦǡŵݡμTicinoݵĹٷҳ
http://www.ticino.cnTicinoǸԵڴʣη룬
֡googleѡݡֻҳ棬
֮һǰ״˿¡

ϲݡģ

ӢάٿƵTicinoʷСô
The Canton of Uri conquered the Leventina Valley in 1440. Between 
1403 and 1422 some of these lands were already annexed by forces from 
Uri, but subsequently lost. In a second conquest Uri, Schwyz and 
Nidwalden gained the town of Bellinzona and the Riviera in 1500. Some 
of the land and the town Bellinzona itself were previously annexed by 
Uri in 1419 but lost again in 1422. The third conquest was fought by 
troops from the entire Confederation (at that time constituted by 12 
cantons). In 1512 Locarno, the Maggia Valley, Lugano and Mendrisio 
were annexed. Subsequently, the upper valley of the Ticino River, from 
the St. Gotthard to the town of Biasca (Leventina Valley) was part of 
Canton Uri. The remaining territory (Baliaggi Ultramontani, 
Ennetbergische Vogteien, the Bailiwicks Beyond the Mountains) was 
administered by the Twelve Cantons.
The lands of the canton of Ticino are the last lands to be 
conquered by the Swiss Confederation.
ǳԣTicinoģʿսµ̡

ͱݡ

GraubndenһΪͱݡûСָǡ
googleѡͱݡֻһҳ棬ָ״˿
¡



ӢƴдΪRomansh/Rumantsch/Romansch/Romancheĳ
ʲgoogleѡֻһ
ҳ棬ָ״˿¡

ϲĸͱݾ񽲸

ӢάٿGraubndenĽܣ
The languages spoken in Graubnden are German in the northwest 
(54%), Romansh in the Engadin and around Disentis/Mustr (31%), and 
Standard Italian in the valleys Mesolcina/Misox, Calanca, Val Bregaglia, 
and Poschiavo (15%).
⣬Romanshݣ
As of the 2000 Swiss Census, it is spoken by 35,095[1] residents 
of the canton of Graubnden (Grisons) as the language of "best 
command", and 60,815 in the "best command" plus "most spoken" 
categories[2].
ɼGraubndenݣRomansh֡

ǣΪͱݵľֻ1ˣԡ

ӢάٿϵݣGraubndenݵ˿2006187,920
ǰ״ݵ18

ʿսʱֹһ22ݡý˵ʿ26
ݣǲԵģǰѰһݡ

״˵Ǵġʿٷ˵

http://www.swissworld.org/zh/politics/general_information/the_cantons/
ʿ26ݡеݣݣһݺ˫
ݡ
ӢάڡThe traditional half-cantonsô͵ģ
Six cantons have traditionally been called "half-cantons" (or 
"demicantons"). This term is now depreciated by constitutional scholars, 
as the 1999 constitution lists 26 coequal cantons, and the more 
unwieldy appellation "cantons with half a cantonal vote" is sometimes 
used.
ɴ˿ɼݡϸġȷĽǶȿѾʷˡ

70ݵľֶãһȷ
ǵıΪʿͶƱݶ1975꣬
ݾͳΪʿĵ23ݡ

ش󡣵һݽСݡ(Jura)ʲô
ݡgoogleݡֻ7ҳ棬˰״
⣬ġݡͳͳ(Uri)ı롣ڶݳΪʿ26
ݣǵ23ǰʱ1979꣬1975ꡣ
http://www.swissworld.org/zh/history/the_20th_century/the_jura_question/

ʿݵݸĵԶģΪݡ
͵ĵС

ݲǡݸĵô򵥵Ļ֡Ȼ
ȷʵˣȴʿ3԰еΨһһӡݵĻֶ
ݸ߶(Obwalden)߶(Nidwalden)Ȼ
Unterwaldenһ1291ݻˣǴһʼ
Զڰ߶(Appenzell Innerrhoden)Ⱒ߶
(Appenzell Ausserrhoden)1597ΪڽԭŷֿģֱΪ̰
ݺ½̰ݣ

ΪǸݣ100˿ڣֱӰ쵽ҵ
ߡ

2001ʿĹͳݣа˿Ϊ186,700
Ϊ261,400ߺϼҲ448,100״һſھ͸˼
doubleˡ˿ڼҲȫֻ(Zurich)
(Bern)(Vaud)(Aargau)ʥ(St.Gallen)֮
ʿĹҾӰ첻ܴ⼸ݣܰоȷʵǿ
󣩣οʿƶǺܽƽȨġ

һս֮ڰµʿһ˿Լ5Сϣǻ
սǰ˶Թҵ֮ģϵľǾһȫ
һͬ˳µҪʿ

ʱҪʿ˵Ĳǡһ˿Լ5С򡱣ڵʱӵ
дԼ13˿ڣѷչ30ˣĸ(Vorarlberg)ݵ
˿ʷݲμhttp://www.populstat.info/Europe/austriap.htm

ҵرۣʿԾܾСǵҪ
ûдӦҪʿ롣Укܶ˶Դ˸еԻ
⡣

ӢάٿVorarlbergʷʱ
In a referendum held in Vorarlberg on 11 May 1919 over 80% of 
those voting supported a proposal that the state should join the Swiss 
Confederation. However, this was prevented by the opposition of the 
Austrian Government, the Allies, Swiss liberals, the Swiss-Italians 
and the Swiss-French.
Կ˰µʾ⣬ʱЭԼҲͬ⣬
ʿɺͷǵķԣ˸ݼʿԸûʵ
֡Ƶڵ¹һλʿڵķɵBsingenҲ1918
һȫ񹫾ʾ96%Bsingenϣõʿʿʼ
աء¹̬ȶһֱϵ춼ûнȤѿԵB
singenҳϿ£Ӣģ
http://www.buesingen.de/englisch/Buesingenonce/nicht.ch.engl.html

˹̹ʷʿˡ (20080203)
ǷʷKonstanzǵʿˣΪSchwabischen
һʿˣʱ1499ꡱ (20080205)

״20080205Ĳ˵Konstanzʷǵĵģ
Ƚͷ󣬲Ժҵᵽ1499䣺Ab 1499, 
in einer Phase kriegerische Auseinandersetzungen zwischen 
schweizerischen Eidgenossen und Schwaebischen Bund, verliert durch die 
endgltige Abspaltung der Eidgenossenschaft Konstanz seine Zentrale 
Stellung und wird vom kulturellen Zentrum am Bodensee nun zur 
Grenzstadt.ҵĵܲãλĴ˼ܿף
1499꿪ʼʿ˺˹֮߱侭һʱڵľ·⵼
KonstanzձָӶʹKonstanzвһ˵ģ
λڲǺĻĵһ߾С֪״ô
￴˹߱ˣKonstanzΪԱ֮һ1499ʿ˹ģΪ
һʵʱĽҲӢάٿKonstanz
Swabian WarĽܣ˹߱һֱǹ˹Maximilian Iʵ
Ҫ֧ߣ1499Swabian Warһ˹+˹߱PKʿ+
ָͱݵ˵սʿȡʤսֱӺ֮һ
Konstanzʧȥ˶ԭͼ(Thurgau)Ŀƣʿ˵
󻯣õʥ۹ڲʵλ˼ǣʿ
ʵ1460Ϳʼ½Konstanzͼ(Thurgau)֮
KonstanzͼʿԱⱻָʿеɭݵ
ĳ׳ƻƽûгɹ״
ѯλ¹һKonstanzûκʽΪʿ˵
һ֣˹һ֣෴ʿKonstanzĺ
̣֮㲻ǵˣҲ̸ѡ

˹̹ġŷʷ翪Ĵѧ

THES - QSÿУ⣬վϻϵĴѧ
б

http://www.topuniversities.com/worlduniversityrankings/results/2007/overall_rankings/worlds_oldest_universities/
⣬ӢάٿҲиб

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oldest_universities_in_continuous_operation
ǿԺ׵ؿŷʷһѧ1088
University of BolognaKonstanzָûбеκһ
֡ʵϣҿйKonstanz棬ûκᵽ
ŷʷ翪ĴѧĿǰȷʵиKonstanzѧ
¹ľӢѧУ֮һ1966ŴУ֪״
ǰѸʵҲǷǳFreiburgѧŹˣɾ
FreiburgѧҲֻǵ¹ϵĴѧ֮һѣȵ¹һѧ
Heidelbergѧ˽70ꡣ

ʣʿ͵¹ҲһʿнСӡ
Bund֪ǲΪһӣȫһ
빲¹еȴǡBundesrepublikǰ
Ҫһӽʵһѵ¡¹100
ʷ˵һ㡣

״ȷʵȽϱţ򵥵ġ͡͹
ô˵ʵڵģôӰȫһͰ
һҷû

ʿŮͶƱȨһֱ1975ꡣܱص
ʼûиŮͶƱȨΪֻǲС
鰸һȫͶȫ幫ͬȵͶƱȨ
ƽȡ

˵Ǵġһʱ䲻ԡʿŮͶƱȨΧڵ
սʱ19712£10¾˰ŮԵѡ١1981
һȫ񹫾һͨһܷȷŮƽ
ܱصݵĹʱеλڰ߶
(Appenzell Innerrhoden)ݺⰢ߶(Appenzell Ausserrhoden)ݣ
1971ȫ񹫾1981ܷͨȻܾ븾Ů
ͶƱȨ/ƽȨڸѹⰢ߶1989޸
ڰ߶Ȼܾ1990ʿ߷Ժ1981ͨ
ܷþִݷܷûгͻӶǿڰ߶
븾ŮƽȨ˸ŮƽȨʿ㳹ʵο
Switzerland's Long Way to Women's Right to Vote
http://history-switzerland.geschichte-schweiz.ch/chronology-womens-right-vote-switzerland.html
עͨ1981ܷʱ䱻д1985Ǳ󡣡

(XYS20080208)

˿(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.xlogit.com)
